Rabu, 07 September 2016

Muang Xay

Muang Xay

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Muang Xai)
Muang Xay
ເມືອງໄຊ
Udomxai
City
Oudomxay.JPG
Muang Xay is located in Laos
Muang Xay
Muang Xay
Location in Laos
Coordinates: 20°42′N 101°49′ECoordinates: 20°42′N 101°49′E
Country  Laos
Admin. division Oudomxai Province
Population
 • Religions Buddhism
Time zone ICT (UTC+7)
Website http://www.oudomxay.info
Muang Xay (Lao: ເມືອງໄຊ), also referred to as Oudomxai, is the capital city of Oudomxai Province, Laos. It is at around 20°42′N 101°59′E. The town is served by the Oudomsay Airport.

Contents

Naming

Legend has it that in the year 1323, the inhabitants of the village Ban Luang Cheng in "Takka Sila" town were in the forest to cut bamboo. While they were making some fishing utensils out of it, they saw a monk coming from the forest walking towards them. He had gone to the forest long before to meditate. The monk asked the villagers what they were doing and they replied that they were making a fishing basket. They offered him food. Because of that experience, the villagers changed the town's name from "Takka Sila" to "Muang Xay", as the monk's name was Paxay.[1]

History

In 1987, Muang Xay became the capital of Oudomxay Province instead of Ban Nahin.

Infrastructure

Oudomxay is connected to Luang Prabang by National Road 1.
The town has got an airport (IATA: ODY, ICAO: VLOS), from where Lao Airlines flies to Vientiane three times a week. The airport is about a 10-minute walk from town center.

Demography

Ethnic diversity in Oudomxay Province
Hmong women, Muang Xay
The residents of the town are mainly Lao Loum, but the presence of the ethnic group Khmu, 60% of the province's population,[2] has an important impact on the town.
In the past, many ethnic Khmu moved from Khmu villages to Muang Xay and now live and work there, as in the town they see better opportunities to earn money.
Hmong, 15% of the provincial population, have an influence on the town. Typical Hmong products like colorful textiles are sold inside the market building.
Many women from the surrounding villages of different ethnic groups come to Muang Xay to sell their products at the town markets, often spending hours walk, as they can get better prices there.
Some families living in surrounding villages send their children to school in Muang Xay. The way, which is often many kilometers, is covered either by bicycle or by foot by the children. Some sons and daughters also go to the so-called "ethnic school", a boarding school in Muang Xay for children from more remote villages.
In Muang Xay there are many Chinese immigrants, which influence the town scape through restaurants and a Chinese market.

Geography and climate

Muang Xay is in a mountain basin between green hills. Two opposed hills soar above the town. On one is the "Oudomxay Museum", on the other one is a Buddhist temple with a stupa.
Oudomxay Province has a moderate monsoon climate. Due to its relatively high elevation, there are more variations in temperature during the year and a colder dry season in northern Laos than in the rest of the country.[3]
Yearly precipitation is about 1,900–2,600 mm. Temperatures in February and March average between 18 and 19 °C, from April to May temperatures climb over 31 °C.[4]
Especially in the colder months (October to January) there are high variations in temperature from day to night. Due to Oudomxay's location between hills and mountains, fog covers the town from evening to morning. In the course of the day, the fog starts to dissolve, so that in the cool season, mornings are brisk.
The Nam Kor River flows through Muang Xay.

Tourism

One of the town's landmarks
Stupa, Muang Xay, on Phou That mountain
For some years, efforts have been made to encourage tourism in Muang Xay in order to ameliorate the region's poverty. Since 1997 there has been a tourism office in Muang Xay, supported by the German Development Service (DED) since 2005. The support of DED aims to raise the incomes of the rural population and small-scale enterprises via tourism and thereby protect natural resources. .[5] In August 2007 the tourism office was upgraded to a Provincial Tourism Department.

Development

Due to Oudomxay's location as the most important traffic junction in northern Laos (the only road from Luang Prabang to the north passes through Oudomxay), in the past few years the province was mainly visited by foreigners passing through.
The average length of stay was low. Oudomxay had the image of being undeveloped and uninteresting to tourists, which was reflected in articles about the town in tourist guidebooks.
This is changing. Oudomxay is nowadays seen as a province in which discovering "authentic" Laos is possible, especially in terms of ecotourism. The tourism office offers guided trekking tours,[6] a Lao cookery course, and a workshop on traditional paper making.[7] In Oudomxay there are now two travel agencies, one of them offering guided bicycle tours through Laos.
According to the Statistical Report on Tourism in Laos 2008 by the Lao National Tourism Administration, the number of tourists has increased from approximately 18,600 to 102,000 between 2001 and 2008. According to the statistics, approximately 17% of all 1.7 million tourists visiting Laos in 2008 came to Oudomxay. Oudomxay has eight hotels and approximately 52 guesthouses,[8] most of them in the provincial capital of Muang Xay and the riverine traffic junction Pakbeng.

Potential

Chom Ong Cave, ceiling height 35 m
Overall, about 1,286 beds were available in Oudomxay in 2006. In 2008, their occupancy rate was approximately 60% compared to 73% in Luang Prabang.[8]
Poor infrastructure impedes the development of tourism in Oudomxay Province. This is clear in the example of the recently new discovered Chom Ong Cave, about 45 km from Oudomxay, the largest known cave in northern Laos. It has a length of more than 16 km, ceiling heights up to 50 m, a stream course flowing in the cave[9] and is rated "exceptional" [10] and "the most significant find and the biggest highlight" [9] in northern Laos by several speleological magazines.
The cave complex is accessible after an hour's walk from the village of Ban Chom Ong Thai, but access to that village is by very bad, dirt roads which become difficult in the rainy season. The cave's potential as a tourist destination is thus hampered because of the lack of infrastructure.

References


  • Khana Sinam Gaan Khon Khua Hiabhiang (Provincial Government Leader Group of Research and Data Collection): "Phavatsaat Muunsya Khweeng Oudomxay" (History of Oudomxay Province), 2004, p. 19-28

  • Schätzungen laut Provinzregierung

  • Leek 2007: Rural Livelihood Strategies and Natural Recources in Oudomxay, Lao PDR p.1

  • W. Roder Slash and Burn Rice Systems in the Hills of Northern Lao P.D.R.: Description, Challenges, and Opportunities. 2001

  • Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst: Jahresbericht Oudomxay 2009

  • Trekking Tours Website des Provincial Tourism Department Oudomxay. Retrieved 15 Jan 2010.

  • Activities in Town. Website des Provincial Tourism Department Oudomxay. Retrieved 15 Jan 2010.

  • Lao National Tourism Administration; Planning an Cooperation Department; Statistics Unit: 2008 Statistical Report on Tourism in Laos

  • British Cave Research Association: Speleology, 13 May 2009, p.34

    1. Michael Laumanns/Francois Brouiquisse, La nouvelle plus longe grotte du Nord Laos in Spelunca No. 113, 2009, p. 9.

    External links

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    Champasak Province

    Champasak Province

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    This article is about the province. For the kingdom, see Kingdom of Champasak.
    Champasak
    ຈຳປາສັກ
    Province
    Montage of Champasak Province, Laos.jpg
    Map of Champasak Province
    Map of Champasak Province
    Map showing location of Champasak Province in Laos
    Location of Champasak Province in Laos
    Coordinates: 14.883°N 105.866°ECoordinates: 14.883°N 105.866°E
    Country Laos
    Capital Pakse
    Area
     • Total 15,415 km2 (5,952 sq mi)
    Population (March 2005)
     • Total 607,333
     • Density 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
    Time zone ICT
    ISO 3166 code LA-CH
    This article contains Lao text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Lao script.
    Champasak (or Champassak, Champasack – Lao: ຈຳປາສັກ [càmpàːsák]) is a province in southwestern Laos, near the borders with Thailand and Cambodia. It is one of the three principalities that succeeded the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang. In 2005, it had a reported population of 607,333. The capital is Pakse, but it takes its name from Champasak, the former capital of the Kingdom of Champasak.
    Champasak Province covers an area of 15,415 square kilometres (5,952 sq mi). It is bordered by Salavan Province to the north, Sekong Province to the northeast, Attapeu Province to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west. The Mekong River forms part of the border with neighboring Thailand and contains Si Phan Don (Four Thousand Islands) in the south of the province, on the border with Cambodia.
    Champasak has played a central role in the history of Siam and Laos, with frequent battles taking place in and around Champasak.[1] Its rich cultural heritage includes ancient temple ruins and French colonial architecture. Champasak has some 20 wats (temples), such as Wat Phou, Wat Luang, and Wat Tham Fai. Freshwater dolphins and the province's many waterfalls are tourist attractions.[1]

    History

    From the 1st to 9th centuries CE, Champasak Province was part of the Funan and then Chenla Kingdoms. Between the 10th and 13th centuries it was part of the Khmer Empire. In 1354, the area came under the control of King Fa Ngum and the Lan Xang Empire.[2][1] The Angkor empire went into decline between the 15th and 17th centuries when it was annexed by Lan Xang. In 1707, Chamapasak became one of three kingdoms arising from a dissolved Lan Xang Empire. In the 18th century Laos became an independent kingdom. The kingdom had only three emperors, Soi Sisamut (1713–37), nephew of Suriya Vangas, Sainya Kuman (1737–91) and lastly Fai Na (1791–1811). Pakse, the capital of the province, was established by the French in 1905 as an administrative outpost at the confluence of Xe Don (Don River) and the Mekong.[2]

    Geography

    Champasak Province covers an area of 15,415 square kilometres (5,952 sq mi).[3] The Mekong forms part of the border with neighboring Thailand and, after a sharp bend projecting westward, turns east and flows southeasterly through the province down to Cambodia. Champasak can be reached from Thailand through Sirindhorn District's Chong Mek border crossing, to Vang Tao on the Lao side, from where the highway leads east towards the provincial capital, Pakse. The capital is on Laos' most important highway, Route 13, and the French legacy can be seen in the city's architecture.[1][4]
    Si Phan Don (Four Thousand Islands) is on a stretch of the Mekong north of the border with Cambodia. Of these islands, Don Khong is the largest and has a number of small villages, temples, and caves. A French-built bridge on the abandoned railway line provides the link with two smaller islands, Don Deth and Don Khon.[1]
    There are many waterfalls in the province such as the Liphi Waterfall at Don Khon to the west of Ban Khon village. Below the falls in the calmer waters of the Mekong the fresh water dolphins can be seen. The Khone Phapheng Falls to the east of Don Khon, also on the Mekong, cascade along a broad mouth of rock slopes in a curvilinear pattern. The 120 metres (390 ft) Tad Fane Waterfall (or Dong Hua Sao) in the Bolaven Plateau is the country's highest waterfall. It is created by the Champi and Prakkoot streams which originate at about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level.[1] The plateau is east of Pakse.[5]
    • Si Phan Don
    • Liphi Waterfall
    • Khone Phapheng Falls

    Protected areas

    Xe Pian National Biodiversity Conservation Area (NBCA) lies in the southeastern part of the province, while the Dong Hua Sao National Protected Area is in the eastern area.[6] The Center for Protection and Conservation of freshwater dolphins is on the Cambodian border. These freshwater dolphins are known locally as "Pakha" in Lao, and are found only on this particular stretch of the Mekong River. Hire boats are available to see these endangered dolphins, either from Ban Khon or Ban Veunkham (at the southern end of the islands).[1]
    The Mekong Channel from Phou Xiang Thong to Siphandon Important Bird Area (IBA) is 34,200 hectares (85,000 acres) in size. A portion of the IBA (10,000 hectares) overlaps with the 120,000 hectares (300,000 acres) Phou Xieng Thong National Protected Area. The IBA encompasses two provinces, Champasak and Salavan. The IBA is at an elevation of 40–50 metres (130–160 ft). Its topography consists of earth banks, rocky banks, rocky islands, sandbars, low vegetated islands, rocky islets, and sandy beaches. Notable avifauna include Laos's last known nesting little terns, river lapwings, river terns, small pratincoles and wire-tailed swallows.[7]
    The 36,650 hectares (90,600 acres) Phou Xiang Thong IBA is also in the Phou Xiengthong NBCA. This IBA spans two provinces, Champasak and Salavan. The IBA is at an elevation of 40–500 metres (130–1,640 ft). The topography consists of low hills, lowlands, rivers, and seasonal streams. Habitat is characterized by dry deciduous tropical forest, moist deciduous tropical forest, semi-evergreen tropical rainforest, mixed deciduous forest, dry dipterocarp forest, and open rocky savanna. Notable avifauna include the grey-faced tit-babbler, green peafowl, red-collared woodpecker, and Siamese fireback.[8]

    Administrative divisions

    The province is made up of the following districts:[1][9]
    Map Code Name Lao
    Champasak Province districts.png
    16-01 Pak Sé District ເມືອງປາກເຊ
    16-02 Sanasomboun District ເມືອງຊະນະສົມບູນ
    16-03 Bachiangchaleunsouk District ເມືອງບາຈຽງຈະເລີນສຸກ
    16-04 Paksong District ເມືອງປາກຊ່ອງ
    16-05 Pathoumphone District ເມືອງປະທຸມພອນ
    16-06 Phonthong District ເມືອງໂພນທອງ
    16-07 Champassack District ເມືອງຈຳປາສັກ
    16-08 Soukhouma District ເມືອງສຸຂຸມາ
    16-09 Mounlapamok District ເມືອງມູນລະປະໂມກ
    16-10 Khong District ເມືອງໂຂງ

    Demographics

    The population of the province, from the March 2005 census, is 607,333.[9] The ethnic composition consists mainly of Lao,[1] but also Chieng, Inthi, Kaseng, Katang, Kate, Katu, Kien Lavai, Laven, Nge, Nyaheun, Oung, Salao, Suay, Tahang and Tahoy ethnic groups.[4]

    Economy

    The economic output of the province consists primarily of agricultural products—especially production of coffee, tea, and rattan. It is one of the most important coffee producing areas of Laos along with Salavan and Sekong Provinces.[10] Pakse is the main trade and travel link with Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.[1] Following the building of the Lao Nippon bridge across the Mekong at Pakse in 2002, trade with Thailand has multiplied several fold. The bridge lies at the junction of roads to the Bolaven Plateau in the east, Thailand in the west, and Si Phan Don to the south. Consequently, the market place at the Talat Sao Heung, near the bridge, has become one of the largest in Laos. The weaving centres of Ban Saphai and Don Kho are 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Pakse.[11] The Jhai Coffee Farmers Cooperative, headquartered at the provincial capital, operates on the Bolaven Plateau.[12] The Bolaven Plateau is also notable for its rubber, tobacco, peaches, pineapple, and rice production.[5]
    • Pakse market
    • The Lao Nippon bridge
    • Coffee drying on the Bolaven Plateau

    Landmarks

    Champasak has some 20 wats (temples). The Khmer ruins of Wat Phou are in the capital of the Champasak District.[11] They are on the Phu Kao mountain slopes, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Champasak District and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) to the south of Pakse along the Mekong River. Wat Phou was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 14 December 2001. It is the second such site in Laos. The temple complex, built in the Khmer style, overlooks the Mekong River and was an important Hindu temple in the Khmer Empire. At the same location are the ruins of other pre-Angkor monuments.[1] Wat Phou Asa is an ancient Hindu-Khmer pagoda, built on flat rock on Phou Kao Klat Ngong Mount in Pathoumphone District. It can be reached via Route 13, south of Pakse, and then by foot from Ban Klat Ngong. The pagoda was built by the Khmers and is in a ruined state, but is an important archaeological site. It is now under renovation.[1] Wat Luang and Wat Tham Fai were built in 1935. There is a monastic school and a small Buddha foot imprint shrine in Wat Pha Bhat and Wat Tham Fai; religious festivals are held within a large open area.[11]
    Tormor Rocky Channel is the 15th National Heritage Site in Laos; it is about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southeast of Wat Phou Champasak on the left bank of the Mekong. The pathway to the building is lined with columns of sandstone. It is in a ruined state. There is a large chamber with doors in the front and rear and windows on two sides. Inscriptions imply the site is closely related to Wat Phou Champasak.[1] An archeological site is at Pu Asa on a mountain top.[4] Kiat Ngong village is noted for its medicinal plants and forest products.[4]
    The Champasak Historical Heritage Museum in Pakse provides insight into the history of Laos as well as its cultural and artistic heritage. In Wat Amath, treasures dating back to the Stone Age can be seen.[1] The museum has few artifacts, but many old documents, three old Dong Son bronze drums, 7th century lintels made of sandstone, textile and jewelry collections including items such as iron ankle bracelets, ivory ear plugs, musical instruments, a stele in Thai script (15th to 18th century), a water jar of 11th or 12th century vintage, a small Shiva linga, a model of Wat Phu Champasak, Buddha images, and American weaponry.[11] The province was the site of Laos's first railway, the Don Det – Don Khon narrow gauge railway on Don Det and Don Khon Islands.[1]
    • View from near the top of Wat Phou
    • A lintel showing Krishna killing Kaliya, on the south wall of the Wat Phou sanctuary
    • Wat Luang in Pakse
    • Wat Tham Fai in Pakse

    Culture

    During the third lunar month (February), celebrations at Angkor precede Champasack's traditional Wat Phou Festival at the site of ruins. The festival is noted for elephant racing, cockfighting, and cultural performances of traditional Lao music and dance.[1]

    References


  • "Destination: Champasack Province Destination". Laos Tourism Organization. Retrieved 1 November 2012.

  • Burke & Vaisutis 2007, p. 255.

  • "Champasack Province". Lao Tourism. Retrieved 1 December 2012.

  • The Lao National Tourism Administration. "Champassak Province". Ecotourism Laos. GMS Sustainable Tourism Development Project in Lao PDR. Retrieved 1 December 2012.

  • Mansfield & Koh 2008, p. 10.

  • Maps (Map). Google Maps.

  • "Important Bird Areas factsheet: Mekong Channel from Phou Xiang Thong to Siphandon". BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.

  • "Important Bird Areas factsheet: Phou Xiang Thong". BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.

  • "Provinces of Laos". Statoids.com. Retrieved 1 November 2012.

  • Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (EPub). International Monetary Fund. 21 October 2008. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4527-9182-1. Retrieved 6 December 2012.

  • Burke & Vaisutis 2007, p. 255-56.

    1. Bush & Elliot 2010, p. 12.

    Bibliography

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